ex Essays - Rape, Date Rape, Consent, Laws Regarding Rape

The legitimate issue that Lois Pineau is worried about is being capable really arraign a man accused of date assault. Date assault doesn't include and physical injury or brutality and since viciousness is a key factor in indicting assault it is difficult to convict any man of date assault. A jury must be certain that the man charged recognized what he was doing, his accomplice was not consenting, and he unreservedly decided to proceed in any case. It is left to the ladies to guard of any progressed totally and unmistakably, and since the two gatherings are known to one another it is. We frequently accept that the lady was requesting it by dressing provocatively or playing with him. By tolerating a date with this man she is marking a nonverbal agreement that states she is committed to permit him to request she fulfill the conditions of their agreement. (b) The open model is correspondence between people utilizing non-verbal communication. You?re not simply tuning in to the words that are being said however you?re additionally focusing on their non-verbal communication. She makes references on great conversationalist who can get on the non-verbal communication of the individual their conversing with and have the option to recognize what points to discuss and what subjects are beyond reach. Something very similar can be utilized for two people who are occupied with sexual movement. All the more significantly he won't just tune in to the words that she?s saying however comprehend that she may be stating ?yes? be that as it may, her body is stating ?no?. (c) The open model should help the principle lawful issue by dispensing with the topic of whether he comprehended what he was doing. By utilizing the informative model he will treat any negative or irate body reactions as a sign that any sexual movement won't be invited. He won't shell her with his own sexual wants however with the shared pleasure in the demonstration. He can be convincing yet not commanding or domineering with his sentiments, he?s ready to comprehend her emotions and identify with her desires and compassion will empower him to mind. Instinct will assist him with determining his partner?s reactions. (d) The model is an outlook or perspective that figures out what is acceptable and what is awful. it sets the standard that we follow. What Pineau implies is on the off chance that we take the perspective of open sexuality and make it the standard prerequisite.

Brain And Behavior

I accept that human feeling is controlled by the â€Å"hard wiring† of the mind. One genuine model is the criminal purpose of specific people. It is really intriguing to realize that anthropological research information shows that savagery is an innate direct among the primate species (Walker, 2001). In the public arena, criminal brutality is a typical event and administrators have recommended that the conduct of hoodlums be broke down so as to recognize any mental examples that are steady among these specific kinds of individuals.In the previous hardly any decades, neurobiologists have suggested that an individual’s condition, which includes sympathy, ethical quality and through and through freedom, is comprehensively impacted by the recurrence of incitement and get together of the neurons of a person. Such thought is conflicting to the idea of Cartesian dualism, which expresses that the cerebrum and the brain are two free elements that arrange with each other.To date, the collection of research reports from the field of neuroscience is slowly influencing the ideas and effectivity of the equity framework on account of the moving in the idea of human conduct and reaction to various improvements. Neuroscience has impacted our present comprehension of the different components that administer fierce conduct among lawbreakers. The nineteenth century great report of Phineas Gage with respect to the counter social conduct that developed after huge harm of the prefrontal cortex of his mind from a railroad mishap is currently considered as the introduction of the field of scientific nervous system science (Harlow, 1848).Today, modernized imaging of his cracked skull has indicated that the autonomic and social nerve frameworks are the particular harms that were influenced, in this way bringing about a very surprising person. Such perception, along with inquire about outcomes assembled from war veterans, has prompted the end that brutal criminal conduct is brought about by wounds to the frontal projection of the cerebrum. It has then been suggested that injury to the prefrontal cortex of the mind causes a condition that has been instituted as gained sociopathy or pseudopsychopath (Blair and Cipolotti, 2000).It is fascinating to realize that there is a 11% decrease in the size of the dark matter of the prefrontal cortex among patients determined to have hostile to social character issue (APD) (Raine et al. , 2000). A related perception has likewise been seen among insight and adjustments in the dim matter of the prefrontal cortex. The fleeting projection of the cerebrum has likewise been resolved to impact an individual’s enthusiastic reaction and animosity, wherein injuries in the amygdale of the worldly flap bring about an individual’s inability to perceive dread and pity among the essences of others (van Elst et al. , 2001).The association between the diminished articulation of the monoamine oxidase A compound and rece ptive brutality has just been set up (Caspi et al. , 2002). Monoamine oxidase An is answerable for the catabolism of monoamines, for example, serotonin (5-HT). The working theory as of now acknowledged is that the prefrontal-amygdala association is changed, bringing about a useless forceful and savage conduct, bringing about culpability specifically people. The restraint hypothesis as proposed by Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) couples a contention in regards to the main thrust behind guiltiness and the highlights of a criminal act.Gottfredson and Hirschi fight that wrongdoing is like other wild and unlawful activities, for example, liquor abuse and smoking since it creates in an individual a brief yet quick sentiment of satisfaction. This sort of activity is made by a condition that is portrayed by low poise. The creators guarantee that the state of having poor restraint is an inborn condition that is set up during the youth at around 7 or 8 years old. According to the component beh ind guiltiness, the creators clarify that wrongdoing is a direct activity to brings about satisfaction in an individual.Such view of wrongdoing is related with various ramifications to the general hypothesis of wrongdoing. Right off the bat, the general hypothesis of wrongdoing presents that wrongdoing is a straightforward activity that needn't bother with any vital readiness or perplexing information. Furthermore, the general hypothesis of wrongdoing is identified with various components that are remembered for the hypothesis of routine exercises in light of the fact that simply like other uncontrolled acts, violations are not arranged and it is simple for people with low confidence to be effectively propelled to carry out such acts.In expansion, culpability is firmly impacted by outer factors, for example, the shortage of obvious objectives just as the nearness of partners that are equipped for aiding or in any event, playing out a criminal demonstration. The hypothesis of wrongdo ing by Gottfredson and Hirschi with respect to the early age of 7 or 8 additionally involves that the longitudinal examination of wrongdoing isn't essential and that age-connected speculations of wrongdoing are confounding. The general hypothesis of wrongdoing of Gottfredson and Hirschi additionally considers the central contention with respect to age and the unlawful act.It is really unique in relation to what is introduced at general courses in criminology in regards to the examination old enough wrongdoing connections and social factors that are identified with wrongdoing. A differentiation of the general hypothesis of wrongdoing of Gottfredson and Hirschi is that the age-wrongdoing linkage is totally different through time, area and culture that the age-wrongdoing connection is immaterial of any social clarification. Their general hypothesis of wrongdoing additionally portrays that hoodlums keep on performing unlawful demonstrations of wrongdoing in any event, during marriage an d in the long run end up as unmarried criminals.The same thing goes with guilty parties who are as of now employedâ€these people by and large proceed as guilty parties and the main contrast after some time is that they lose their positions. The general hypothesis of wrongdoing of Gottfredson and Hirschi along these lines presents a contention against the association of wrongdoing with marriage and business consequently demonstrating that a criminal is bumbling in keeping up a relationship in a marriage or a promise to work since he is ordinarily known as individual of extremely low order of his control.Their introduction of the power behind guiltiness is in this way centered around restraint and the creators call attention to that most examinations in regards to culpability do exclude this idea. References Blair RJ and Cipolotti L (2000): Impaired social reaction inversion. An instance of ‘acquired sociopathy’. Mind 123:1122â€1141. Caspi A, McClay J, Moffi tt TE, Mill J and Martin J (2002): Role of genotype in the pattern of viciousness in abused youngsters. Science 297:851â€854. Gottfredson MR and Hirschi T (1990): A General Theory of Crime. In: Jacoby JE (ed. ): Classics of criminology, third ed.Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc. Harlow J (1848): Passage of an iron bar through the head. Boston Med Surg J 13:389â€393. Raine A, Lencz T, Bihrle S, LaCasse L and Colletti P (2000) Reduced prefrontal dim issue volume and diminished autonomic action in reserved character issue. Curve Gen Psychiatry 57:119â€127. van Elst LT, Trimble MR, Ebert D, van Elst LT (2001) Dual cerebrum pathology in patients with emotional forceful scenes. Curve Gen Psychiatry 58:1187â€1188. Walker PL (2001): A bioarchaeological point of view on the historical backdrop of savagery. Annu Rev Anthropol 30: 573â€596.

Can You Overdose on Marijuana

Can You Overdose on Marijuana Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Print Can You Overdose on Marijuana? By Rod Brouhard, EMT-P facebook twitter linkedin Rod Brouhard is an emergency medical technician paramedic (EMT-P), journalist, educator, and advocate for emergency medical service providers and patients. Learn about our editorial policy Rod Brouhard, EMT-P Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Richard Fogoros, MD on June 17, 2017 Richard N. Fogoros, MD, is a retired professor of medicine and board-certified internal medicine physician and cardiologist. He is Verywells Senior Medical Advisor. Learn about our Medical Review Board Richard Fogoros, MD Updated on June 18, 2019 Barbara Peacock / The Image Bank / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Cocaine Heroin Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Marijuana (cannabis) has a reputation for being a totally benign drug. To read the claims from the proponents of weed, it would seem that cannabis only has beneficial effects. Ask any stoner from the 60s about his or her bad experiences and it becomes clear that marijuana isnt always rainbows and unicorns. Dont get me wrong, there is plenty of evidence that as drugs go, marijuana is significantly less dangerous than many other oft-abused substances, including alcohol. But less dangerous is a far cry from saying its completely safe. How Much Marijuana Is Too Much? Marijuana doesnt come with a clear definition of overdose. In fact, doctors arent entirely sure how much  tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)â€"the active ingredient in marijuana most likely to induce the high users are seekingâ€"it takes to overdose. We havent even agreed on a common test to determine levels. Typically, THC in the bloodstream is measured as nanograms per milliliter (ng/ml) and refers to how much THC there is in a milliliter of blood or plasma.   Can You Die From Smoking Marijuana? We arent sure how much is too much. We do know from animals and a handful of human cases that it is possible to die while ingesting marijuana alone (no alcohol or other drugs along with it). What medical professionals arent clear about, is whether those cases had other contributing factors (like pre-existing cardiac conditions). What Does a Marijuana Overdose Look Like? Marijuana is a strange drug in that it contains a lot of active ingredients. Although scientists cite different numbers, in addition to THC, there are thought to be over 100 other cannabinoids in cannabis.  Not all of these act the same way. Get too much THC and  youre likely to have a psychoactive reaction that is not unlike that of a stimulant like methamphetamine. Cannabidiol (CBD) is associated more with sedative effects.   The effects of marijuana use are all over the map. There have been cases of heart arrhythmias  and sudden cardiac arrest while smoking weed. There are reports of both seizures and the reduction of seizures, which seems to be based on which type of cannabinoid were looking at. Here are some examples of THC toxicity  that have been published: Psychosis or Paranoia:  Users report severe psychotic episodes with hallucinations and negative associations. In some cases, the psychosis can last significantly longer than the amount of time it should take to metabolize the THC.Uncontrollable Vomiting: Although THC often has anti-nausea properties, it can rarely be associated with a syndrome of persistent vomiting. More often associated with chronic cannabis use, uncontrollable vomiting is sometimes relieved with a hot shower.Heart Arrhythmias:  Some doctors believe that heart disturbances are under-reported in marijuana use. Since smoking weed and taking other drugs often go together, its really hard to isolate the cause when the heart starts doing crazy things. Even drinking alcohol intensifies the effects, which means you cant say for sure whether it was the pot or the booze that caused a problem. The Higher Risk of Edibles Even the method of consumption makes a difference. THC that is consumed in edible form is metabolized differently than when its inhaled.  It takes longer to absorb THC in edibles, which can lead to the user thinking they didnt get enough. If one brownie doesnt work, they take another...and maybe just one more. Suddenly, they have a serious reaction. Edibles are also much more prone to accidental overdoses. Smoking marijuana doesnt usually happen accidentally. Even second-hand smoke from your neighbors party isnt really going to do anything but stink up your apartment. Leaving laced cookies lying around, however, pretty much begs for someone to try a bite. Kids are especially likely to munch on marijuana goodies. When grandma is trying a little medical marijuana for the first time and accidentally leaves it out for the grandkids to explore, you have a recipe for overdose. Children presenting to the emergency department with accidental ingestion of marijuana becomes increasingly common in every state that legalizes marijuana for recreational use. Once its legal and tolerated, its a lot easier to accidentally leave your marijuana out on the coffee table for the kids to find. The Effect of Increased Marijuana Use Many in the medical world report being a bit surprised by the marked increase in marijuana use in states where it has been fully legalized. Many paramedics and EMTs  and emergency department healthcare providers figured that those who really cared about getting high had their medical marijuana prescriptions and could get it when they wanted. Its been available for medicinal use since California legalized medical marijuana in 1996. By contrast, in Oregon, the number of dispensaries doubled after weed went from strictly medicinal to recreational. As it turned out, there were plenty of people interested in trying the recently illicit substance. All that new consumption has led to significant increases in marijuana-induced emergency department visits. Alaska, California, Colorado, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, Washington, and Washington D.C. all allow the recreational consumption of marijuana. Several other states are fast on their heels. As the momentum of recreational pot burns across the country, people you probably didnt expect to see getting high are trying weed for the first time in years. While they might have smoked a little pot in college, this isnt the same thing. Todays Marijuana Is Different From the Past Just like how modern farmers are able to get much bigger yields from crops like corn and beans, weed farmers today are much more successful than they were in the past. The levels of THC in marijuana are well above what it was before the current farmers were born. The concentrations of THC increased from 3.4 percent  in 1993 to 8.8 percent in 2008. Some folks say that just means you dont have to roll the blunts as fat as you used to, but lets face it: When youre chasing the high, the bar just keeps getting higher. Marijuana overdose is still a debated topic and there isnt really a clear answer on how much pot is too much. Until there is, its important to be diligent if you choose to use and to keep yourself informed. Dont accept the mantra that weed is natural and therefore, safe. What makes anything safe is an informed consumer and a critical mind.

Book Review Gone Into History - 1183 Words

Denise Kirkpatrick 12/8/2016 Essay 3 Gone into History What distinguishes a good read from great literature? James Patterson and Michael Ledwidge wrote a novel together named Gone, it was published in 2013 by the Hachette Book Group. Gone is an important piece of American Literature with their short, attention grabbing storylines. They use a colloquial style of writing that will have you feeling as if the story could be real, and their short chapters give an impression of it being fast paced and keeps your attention, lastly their choice of crime thrillers gives us heart racing suspense with all the action in their story line. James Patterson and Michael Ledwidge’s, Gone, is the sixth novel in the Michael Bennett series. The first book series, Step on a Crack, Michael Bennett must free the celebrities and billionaires held hostage and the first lady’s funeral. The second book series, Run for Your Life is about a serial killer called the Teacher who is killing off Manhattan’s elite who break his idea of courtesy. In his third book series, The Worst Case, someone is kidnapping the children of wealthy families, but he does not ask for any ransom. For his fourth series, Tick Tock, Michael Bennett must cut into vacation time with his family as a serial killer rips New York apart with a string of horrifying murders. And in his fifth book series, I-Michael Bennett, A South American drug lord named Manuel Perrine, terrorizes New York City as Michael Bennett does his best to forceShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Many Thousands Gone1260 Words   |  6 Pages In Ira Berlin’s book, Many Thousands Gone, the main focus is on the transformations that slavery went through from 1619 to 1800. Also, Ira Berlin investigates the ways that slaves and their owners discussed freedom. Meaning that the slaves actions, no matter how powerful the slave owner was, the actions were not in his power. This makes the history of slavery a time of African American failures and successes in strategies. Ira Ber lin focuses on the first two centuries of slavery in America in fourRead MoreThe War Of The World War II1408 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican homefront history has been written. Classical historicism reigned supreme early after the war, and historians saw that war was a major topic as it reflected the top down approach. This included looking at men such as, Patton, Eisenhower, and Hitler, and also telling the more economic side of war. As early as January, 1944 historians thought about the historiography of World War II. In The American Historical Review, historians geared up for the writing of this history. Some historians alreadyRead MoreOverview: Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston1641 Words   |  7 PagesHurstons book guides us through character Janie Crawford’s hectic journey while taking place in the 1900s. The story starts out with Janie, a middle-aged African American woman, returning to her hometown in Eatonville, Florida. Her surprise visit gets the town talking. They wonder where she had gone, what she was doing, and why she was gone so long. Janie’s friend, Pheoby Watson, visits Janie to find out what happened. The conversation that they share frames the rest of the entire book. Janie beginsRead MoreA Hectic Journey in Their Eyes Were Watching God was written by Zora Neale Hurston633 Words   |  3 Pages1937. Hurstons book guides us through character Janie Crawford’s hectic journey while taking place in the 1900s. The story starts out with Janie, a middle-aged black woman, returning to her hometown in Eatonville, Florida. Her surprise visit gets the town talking. They wonder where she had gone, what she was doing, and why she was gone so long. Janie’s friend, Pheoby Watson, visits Janie to find out what happened. The conversation that they share frames the rest of the entire book. Janie beginsRead MoreThe Help Research Paper1699 Words   |  7 PagesRights literature has been in hiding from the millions of readers in the world. Kathryn Stockett’s book, The Help, widely opens the doors to the worldwide readers to the experiences of those separated by the thin line drawn between blacks and whites in the 1960s. Kathryn makes her experiences of the character’s, making their stories as compelling as her own. The Help by Kathryn Stockett, is a book set in the early 1960s in Jackson, Mississippi, told by three different women: Abilene, Minny andRead MoreDiscussions on the Definition and History of Heresy in McGraths Heresy: A History of Defending the Truth1022 Words   |  4 PagesHeresy: A History of Defending the Truth written by Alister E. McGrath discusses the issue of heresy within the context of church history by dividing the book into three sections of equally important overviews. The first section reviews the definition of heresy by stating heresy as form of Christian belief that, more by accident than design, ultimately ends up subverting, destabilizing, or even destroying the core of Christian faith† (12). Rather than seeing heresy as originating from those whoRead MoreSlavery : A Tragic Time1663 Words   |  7 PagesAlaina Wood Mrs. Ayersman English 101 4 November 2014 Slavery: A Tragic Time In History The start of slavery was in the year 1619 when twenty African Americans were brought to Jamestown, Virginia, and purchased as if they were items (James and Lois Horton, 243). These slaves were sold to British colonists and were the first of these slaves sold specifically in British North America (James and Lois Horton, 243). 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The nature of this ballet is described many times throughout the book as ‘nihilistic’, which supports Germany’s rebellious disposition and their large sense of spirit in bringing society into question. Germany also rush ed into war as a way to prove them as a capable new entity on the European map. It glorified war toRead MoreSummary Of Colum Mccann s The Great World 1097 Words   |  5 Pagesliterature and should be included in St. Andrew’s 10th grade curriculum because it won the National Book Award, it has received glowing reviews from prominent critics, and it serves as an allegory for human stamina undeterred by adversity. Let the Great World Spin is the winner of several awards, most notably the National Book Award, a definitive sign of greatness. Established in 1936, the National Book award was created to recognize excellence in fiction, nonfiction, poetry, and young adult literature

The Theory Of Classical Conditioning - 1360 Words

Is it possible to rouse fear from a stimulus that at first caused no such response? Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a response is produced from combining a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce an unconditioned response. Ivan Pavlov did a famous study, pairing the sound of a bell with food to produce salivation. After a while, just the sound alone would produce salivation. â€Å"Little Albert†, an infant that belonged to a wet nurse at the Harriet Lane Home was experimented on by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner. Watson and Rayner claim that â€Å"Little Albert† was a healthy, unemotional, and stable child. The experiment began with the introduction of a white rat, which alone, produced no fear response. At 11 months and 3 days, the rat was paired with a loud noise. The loud noise frightened â€Å"Little Albert†. He began to associate the fear he experienced with the white rat since it was paired with the loud noise. After several combined events of the white rat and the loud noise, Watson and Rayner also tested if other furry animals such as a rabbit and a dog also elicited a fear response. They discovered that in fact, they did. Even a fur coat, cotton, and a Santa Claus mask caused â€Å"Little Albert† distress. This study revealed that if a child is conditioned to be afraid of an animal, this fear can shift to other animals without the distinct conditioning for each animal (Jones, 1960). This concept is known as generalization, which is theShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning929 Words   |  4 PagesDiscussion 5 1. Define: Classical Conditioning is learning theory based on the assumption that the learning process occurs due to associations between an environmental stimulus and a natural occurring stimulus, as indicated in our textbook. This learning theory was developed by John Watson. He proposed that this theory is able to explain human behavior. Watson also assumed that our environment shapes our personality as a whole. His ideas were influenced by the findings of Ivan Pavlov, a RussianRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1129 Words   |  5 PagesIn this assignment I will be looking at the Behaviourist perspective with Ivan Pavlov’s (1902) theory about classical conditioning. I will be discussing how I have used human development and learning perspectives in my placement to support young people in their personal and social development with providing a case study about them. I will be writing about how the theory demonstrates effective youth and community work practice including the five pillars of youth work. Behaviourists look at behaviourRead MoreTheory of Classical Conditioning1051 Words   |  4 PagesClassical Conditioning Introduction In psychology, there are number of theories and ideas which are used to influence the way someone reacts to particular events. In the case of classical conditioning, these ideas have been utilized to create short and long term transformations about how someone sees and reacts to the world around them. To fully understand how this is taking place requires examining these techniques and the way they are influencing behavior. This will be accomplished by studyingRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1202 Words   |  5 PagesIn this essay the ways in which classical conditioning principals have been used to treat problem behaviours in humans will be discussed. Firstly the findings of Ivan Pavlov’s research experiment on classical conditioning will be explained. Then a number of his basic principals that include extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalisation and acquisition will be explored. Finally, the use of behavioural therapy in treating problem behaviours, specifically in relation to systematic desensitisationRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1070 Words   |  5 Pages(1929) and Watson and Rayner (1920) contributed to the theory of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning argues behaviour is learned through the continued pairing of a stimulus that creates a response. This can be a fear response as identified by Watson and Rayner (1920) where a healthy eleven-month-old boy was conditioned to feel fear when he saw a fluffy white toy. This fear extended to any fluffy white object. Operant conditioning theory was developed through the findings of Skinner (1938)Read MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1222 Words   |  5 Pagesexperienced. Although Harlow has found this theory, Ivan Pavlov experimented with dogs and discovered classical conditioning. Classical conditioning can show how attitudes are formed and changed, how and when attitudes influence behavior, and how we change attitudes and behavior. Classical conditioning is basically learning through association, which induces involuntary or automatic responses to certain stimuli. A famous example is Pavlov’s dogs, before conditioning the dogs would salivate (UCR) when meatRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning994 Words   |  4 Pagestransfer persist, although with a certain loss in the intensity of the reaction, for a longer period than one month.† The data reported in this paper definitely supports this conclusion. The purpose of this experiment was to test the theory of classical conditioning as well as transfer (stimulus generalization); and to see if they would be able to successfully condition an emotional response of fear. When this experiment began, Little Albert was 11 months and 3 days old. Watson and Rayner exposedRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning Theory Essay712 Words   |  3 Pagesattachment theory is a psychological, an ethological and an evolutionary theory that is concerned with relationships between humans, specifically between mother and infant. An infant has to develop a relationship with at least one of their primary caregivers for them to develop socially and emotionally. This essay will look at evaluating the theories of Ivan Pavlov, John B Watson, Edward Thorndike, BF Skinner, John Bowlby (1958), and Mary Anisworth (1979) Two important learning theories of behavioristRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1824 Words   |  8 PagesClassical conditioning The first theory of learning is called classical conditioning and was developed by Ivan Pavlov a Russian physiologist. He started working with dogs to investigate their digestive system, they were ties to a harness and Pavlov added monitors to their stomachs and mouths to measure the rate of saliva produced. He found out that when a lab assistant came in to give the dog food before the dog tasting the food it started to produce saliva, saliva is a reflex response and PavlovRead MoreBehaviorism Theory Of Classical Conditioning1700 Words   |  7 Pages Behaviorism is a theory that behavior can be altered through conditioning. Behaviorism does not focus on thoughts or feelings of the subject, just their behavior. Ivan Pavlov was a major part of this movement of behaviorism with his theory of classical conditioning. The most important part of classical conditioning is that it is done through repetition. In his experiment he began with noticing that an unconditioned stimulus like dog fo od causes an unconditioned response like salivation. He then

Impact of Video Games in Society Free Essays

A video game is an interactive computer that displays a video signal, allowing you to play thousands of games on your television or handheld video game device. (Wikipedia, Video Game) We have came a very long way since the very first type of video game console was invented by Ralph Baer in 1967. From the very first console, the â€Å"Brown Box† to the more interactive video game consoles such as the Wii, Playstation, XBOX or the handheld Nintendo DS. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Video Games in Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Regardless of which video game is being used, it has made a huge impact in life’s of many children, as well as adults today. In the beginning, the games were user friendly and parents did not have much to worry about if they purchased a video game for their child. Take Pac Man for example, a very simple game where the player â€Å"Pac Man† eats dots and tries to avoid getting touched by an enemy. Now in 2012, we have games such as Call of Duty which focuses on killing members of the opposite team. As we as a society became more developed in technology, the video game systems became more and more high tech. For today’s generation, playing a 3D interactive video game is normal. The manifest function of video game systems of today is the ability to connect the console to your television and even internet and play virtually with friends online. In 2009, it was reported by the Entertainment Software Association that nearly sixty-eight percent of households told have at least one gaming system. There are many video games aimed at children today that can be used as a learning tool. However, the amount of violent games greatly outweighs the educational ones. There are many sociological impacts from video gaming systems today. Gaming systems are a very popular way of keeping children and teenagers entertained. Teenagers and children are becoming more and more addicted to these gaming systems everyday, which could lead to many issues such as poor school work or childhood obesity. Instead of doing homework or playing outside as we did before video games became popular, children are spending hours a day sitting on the couch due to the addictiveness of these games. Many of the games being sold today are full violence and teaching children bad morals such as sexuality, drug trafficking and even rape. According to Dr. Craig Morrison, a professor of psychology at Iowa State University, even if children are playing games without violence, these children are forty percent more likely to show aggressive behavior after playing. The latent functions of these video gaming systems are quite clear. If we continue to allow children to play them it will lead to childhood obesity, violence as they grow older and even lack of motivation to communicate with the real world. In 2007 a sixteen year old boy in Ohio killed his own mother and shot his father simply because they took a game away from him, â€Å"Halo 3. According to the boy’s lawyer, he was injured in an accident that did not allow him to go anywhere, so he focused all of his time, energy, and mostly anger on playing this video game. When his parents decided the game was too violent, they took it away, causing the boy to snap. This is just one example of how video games can unintentionally lead to violence, and in this case death. The Universit y of Texas performed a study on the relations of childhood obesity and video games. Results were found to be that video games, due to their addictiveness were the cause of the children’s overweight status, and not linked to watching television as some may argue. It was found that children with a high weight status spent more time inside and less time performing outside activities, such as sports or riding bicycles. Perhaps the parents are to blame for allowing their children to do this; however, many parents today are of the working class group, sometimes being forced to leave their children unattended to do whatever they please. Each and every video game is required to have a rating. There are seven total. Early childhood being the most non-violent and inappropriate. The rating Adults Only, requiring the purchaser to be eighteen years or older. Titles in this category usually include scenes of intense violence and or graphic sexual content and nudity. Even with the ratings, these video games are still getting into the hands of children. As our society and technology begins to grow, the problem will continue to worsen. Citations: (Iowa State University Newspaper Article) http://www. public. iastate. edu/~nscentral/news/2007/mar/vvg. shtml (Cleavlead. com Article) http://blog. cleveland. com/metro/2008/12/boy_killed_mom_and_shot_dad_ov. html How to cite Impact of Video Games in Society, Papers

The Lambda Protocol Physics Investigation Essay Example

The Lambda Protocol Physics Investigation Essay This experiment is designed to produce ? -DNA bound in gel to fragment according to the restriction enzyme used to cut it up and to the sizes of these subsequent fragments. The aim of this experiment is to produce a -DNA fragmentation, which will be of known sizes because the entirety of the -DNA genome has been mapped. So running -DNA alongside other DNA will allow the size of the other DNA to be found. Prediction: As in the experiment there are restriction enzymes being used on the -DNA, and then running it in gel electrophoresis, to separate the varying size  -DNA fragments, then it is possible to estimate the results. The DNA, after gel electrophoresis will form bands and smears. The smears are where there are many fragments of ? -DNA of a wide range of sizes, and bands are numerous DNA fragments of similar size. Subsequently, as the entirety of the ? -DNA genome has been mapped, and the restriction enzymes used have had their recognition sites identified, then the fragmentation of the ? -DNA can be predicted. Fragmentation of -DNA using R. E. s (Restriction-Enzymes) EcoR1, BamH1 and HindIII So, from this, the bands and smears that appear could be predicted. It would also be reasonable to show that the column with no restriction enzymes present would have no fragmentation of the ? -DNA, as the ? -DNA would not be broken down. For EcoRI: There will be one band near the start (21 226 base pairs fragment) as it is the biggest and so will travel the shortest in the gel electrophoresis. There will be another band about 2-3 times as far as the first, which is the 7 421 base pair fragment. Im reasoning it will be about 2-3 times as far because it is around a third of the size. Next, there will be either one smear or several fragments depending on how far the remaining fragments have moved. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lambda Protocol Physics Investigation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Lambda Protocol Physics Investigation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Lambda Protocol Physics Investigation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As they are all similar in size then they may form an indivisible smear, which has all the DNA fragments in close proximity. If the fragments move quick enough in the gel electrophoresis, and are left for long enough, then the fragments will become further apart and may form individual definable bands. For BamHI: The fragment 16 841 b. p. will form one band near the wells. There may be one band of 7 233b. p but this may have not travelled far enough to be distinguishable from the subsequent fragments as it is similar in size to 6 527 and 6 770. There will be 2 bands, 6 527 b. p. with 6 770 b. p and of 5 505 b. p. with 5 626 b. p. These may however form one smear, as they are similar in size. For HindIII: There will be one band near the start, closest than any fragments of the other wells of the (23 130 b. p. ). There will be one band about over twice as far out (9,416). Then one band of 6 557 b. p. , which may contain fragment 4 361b. p. as a smear, then one band of 2 027 and 2 322 base pairs. This band may smear with the previous smear. There will be a small band much further out compared to the rest of the fragments and the other wells consisting of fragments of 564 and 125 base pairs. This is because they are the smallest and so will travel the furthest. For BamHI there were 3 bands formed, 2,11 and 13mm. This is reasonable because there was one large fragment, 16 841 b. p. (the 2mm distance) and then 2 other bands, which are likely to be the 6 527 with 6 770 (b. p. ) (with 7 233) and the other with 5 626 and 5 505 (b. p. ) For HindIII 4 fragments formed, 4,6,9,11 (mm). There are, however 5-6 distinguishable bands shown by the ? -DNA-restriction enzyme chart. The missing band could be explained by: the smallest fragments, 564 125 (b. p. ), not showing up on the staining because they are too small. Or the biggest fragment (23 130), which is also the biggest fragment out of all the ? -DNA fragmentations (with the different R. Es) may not have been distinguishable from the well itself. Given by the smallest distance was 4mm from the well and as this is the biggest fragment; comparing to the similar size, but smaller EcoRI fragment (21 226 b. p. ) travelling 3 mm, it would say that it was this that did not move enough from the well to be identified separately from the well. Assuming this is the cause, and then the remaining fragments are not unexpected. 4mm is the 9 416 (b. p. ) fragment, the 6 557 b. p. being the 6mm fragment. The remaining 9mm and 11mm are the 2 027 with 2 322 (b. p. ) fragments and the 564, with 125 b. p. fragments respectively. The results for the no restriction enzyme column were more than the prediction stated. There were four bands identified but this should have been 1 band that did not move far at all. This is because as there were no restriction enzymes present then the -DNA was not broken up. This left the entire 48 502 b. p. sequence of the -DNA genome, which should not have moved far, and not into 4 fragments. From these results, the experiment was pretty accurate, comparing to the prediction. There were no unexpected results, except one of the fragments disappearing in HindIII, but, as stated, was probably due to it being undistinguished from the well, the source. Evaluation: Comparing to the prediction of what should happen, the experiment was successful. A possibly way of augmenting the experiment is leaving the current on for longer when letting the. -DNA run in the gel electrophoresis tank. This would allow greater seperation between the bands to allow closer examination of the separate fragments. Increasing the voltage may prove to be damaging, as it may break down the DNA. The results that were not according to the prediction were the no enzyme column. The prediction said that there should be no fragments and that the single fragment (ie. The entire genome) should have moved very little. The possibly causes of this was the DNA was damaged in the handling or that the tube was contaminated at some stage.